Download Ebook National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic
From currently, finding the finished site that offers the finished books will be several, but we are the relied on site to check out. National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic with easy web link, very easy download, as well as finished book collections become our good solutions to get. You could locate and also utilize the benefits of picking this National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic as every little thing you do. Life is constantly establishing and you need some brand-new book National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic to be referral consistently.
National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic
Download Ebook National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic
Idea in picking the most effective book National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic to read this day can be gotten by reading this page. You can discover the best book National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic that is sold in this globe. Not just had the books released from this country, however additionally the other countries. And currently, we suppose you to review National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic as one of the reading products. This is only one of the best books to gather in this website. Take a look at the resource and look the books National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic You can locate great deals of titles of the books offered.
This area is an internet publication that you could discover as well as appreciate lots of type of book brochures. There will come numerous differences of how you locate National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic in this website and also off collection or the book shops. However, the major reason is that you may not go for long minute to seek for the book. Yeah, you need to be smarter in this modern-day period. By advanced technology, the internet collection and also shop is supplied.
This publication provides not sort of normal book. It will certainly give you the simple by to read. So, it will not purchase you to seem like researching the books for the exam tomorrow. This is why we call as the step by step reading. You can have only check out National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic in the extra time when you are being somewhere. This publication will certainly also not just give you the ideas, some words to add will certainly give you little however amusement. It is just what makes this publication ends up being much-loved one to read by many individuals in this globe.
Featuring some experiences to discover the good book will certainly not make you failed in choosing other book to review. As this publication, you could not be sorry for and also really feel doubt to pick it as your reading product. This National Geographic Concise History Of Science And Invention: An Illustrated Time Line By National Geographic has actually verified that it has great material, good result, good chance, and good condition. The author has actually developed this book with very impressive material to review by everyone. This is exactly what makes the people plan to read this publication.
- Sales Rank: #670647 in Books
- Published on: 2009-10-27
- Released on: 2009-10-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 11.15" h x 1.25" w x 9.40" l, 3.90 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 352 pages
From Booklist
This superbly illustrated source is a time line of important discoveries and inventions in human history. Photos, illustrations, and sidebars enliven the display of important dates. The material is up to date. For example, the last sidebar discusses the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland. The chapters survey humanity's history from the origins of science to the modern world. The time line forms the bulk of the book, and content is organized by era; by region (Europe, the Americas, Asia and Oceania, Africa and the Middle East); and by the categories “Astronomy and Math,” “Biology and Medicine,” “Physical Sciences,” “Engineering and Inventions,” and “World Events.” This arrangement makes it easy to compare, for example, discoveries in biology and medicine around the globe, 1735–1749. Special essays on important people (such as Benjamin Franklin) or discoveries (such as the automobile) add value. Photo credits and additional readings are located before the index. This title could be used to replace The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science (1988) or to update the Chronology of Science: From Stonehenge to the Human Genome Project (2002). The topical essays and wonderful photos and illustrations make this source useful as a circulating book as well as a reference book. --Gilbert Taylor
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Seven Scientific Turning Points That Changed the World
From the new book, National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
1. The World’s First City
The settlement at Çatal Hüyük in Anatolia (modern Turkey) dates from about 6000 B.C.E. at the latest. The houses butted closely together and had flat roofs, reached by means of ladders. The people grew crops and irrigated the fields. They supplemented their diet by hunting animals. They wove cloth, made baskets and clay pots, and tanned hides to make leather. Nearby volcanoes produced a hard, glasslike obsidian, which the people of Çatal Hüyük made into knives and other tools. The obsidian was also traded with neighboring peoples. Each house had a religious shrine decorated with figurines and the heads and horns of animals. The dead were left outside exposed to the elements before their remains were buried under the houses.
2. The Library at Alexandria
The greatest collection of documents in classical times was kept in a library in Alexandria, northern Egypt. The library was founded by pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter (r. 323–283 B.C.E.) at the beginning of the third century B.C.E. and built up by his son Ptolemy II Philadelphus (r. 283–46 B.C.E.). Established as part of the research “department” of the Alexandrian Museum, it had a smaller section, the Serapeum, located in the nearby Temple of Serapis that was established by Ptolemy III Euergetes (r. 246–22 B.C.E.). The hundreds of thousands of vellum and papyrus scrolls included nearly all the works of the Greek poets and dramatists, based originally on copies of the works in Aristotle’s library in Athens. The large staff included translators, editors, and scribes, who kept adding texts to the collection. Fire damaged part of the library in 269 C.E., and rioting during a civil war led to its final destruction. The Serapeum was pillaged by a Christian mob in 391.
3. Avicenna
The first European printing of the Canon of Medicine was a milestone in the development of medicine. Its author, Ibn-Sina—whose name was Latinized as “Avicenna” for publication in a field still dominated by the ideas of ancient Roman and Greek physicians—was a Persian philosopher and physician. He was born in a village near Bokhara (now Bukhara in present-day Uzbekistan). He studied there and traveled widely. He learned all the classical Arab texts and mastered astronomy, Greek, mathematics, and all the available texts on medicine. At age 18 he became a court physician, then vizier (advisor) at the Buyid court in Hamadan, and from 1024 was physician to several sultans. As well as introducing the works of Aristotle to the Islamic world, Ibn-Sina also wrote more than 100 works on science, philosophy, and religion. His pioneering medical work, however, was his most important contribution to the spread of knowledge. The Canon of Medicine, written in 1000, remained a standard medical textbook for centuries. It contains instructions for testing medications, guidelines for diagnosing disease by examining the patient, and advice to surgeons to learn anatomy from observation and dissection, rather than from textbooks.
4. Quinine
The isolation of the chemical compound quinine by French chemists Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou in 1820 was a breakthrough with wide-reaching consequences in medicine and politics. Quinine is a compound found in the bark of the cinchona tree in South America. For centuries it was used by the Quechua peoples of Peru as a muscle relaxant to suppress shivering, and missionaries who saw this use brought the bark back to Europe in the 17th century, believing it would relieve the shivering associated with malarial fevers. It proved highly effective, not only stopping the shivering but also halting the advance of the disease. With the isolation of the active chemical component in 1820 quinine could be produced in large quantities and more easily administered. Tropical regions in which malaria was prevalent and therefore inhabitable to Europeans, who have no natural immunity, were now open for colonization, starting the “scramble for Africa” as European powers fought to take control of sub-Saharan Africa.
5. Safe Anesthetics
For many centuries a major impediment to safe surgical procedures was the problem of pain. The intense pain that accompanied surgery before the introduction of reliable anesthetics not only caused considerable distress to the patient, but also made the surgery more dangerous. The patient’s involuntary movements and the need to finish the surgery quickly increased the likelihood of potentially fatal mistakes. Anesthetics such as opium, cocaine, and mandrake had always been available but were not reliable: an underdose or overdose was too easily administered. Sometimes the anesthetic would be insufficient to dull pain; at other times it would kill the patient. The discovery of new anesthetics—including ether, chloroform, and nitrous oxide—in the mid-19th century improved the situation, but almost as important was the methodical research into anesthetic techniques and dosages conducted during this time. Physicians such as John Snow (1813–1858)—better known for identifying the cause of cholera—published dosage advice and designed apparatus for administering these new anesthetics safely to patients of all ages and body sizes.
6. Insulin
Produced in the pancreas by cells called the islets of Langerhans, insulin is a hormone that enables body cells to take up the blood sugar glucose. Glucose is used as an energy source by the body. If the body cannot make insulin, type I diabetes mellitus results. In 1921 Canadian physiologist Frederick Banting (1891–1941) isolated insulin from dogs and found that injecting it cured the symptoms of diabetes in a dog that had had its pancreas removed (and therefore could not produce its own insulin). Using a purer extract from calves, Banting and coworkers successfully treated terminally ill children with type I diabetes the following year. Purified animal insulin was soon available for sale. By the early 1980s insulin could be made by genetically modified bacteria containing the human insulin gene. Banting received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1923 for his discovery.
7. Microwave Ovens
Self-taught American engineer Percy Spencer (1894–1970), who worked for the company Raytheon, had the idea for a microwave oven after noticing that a candy bar had melted while he was making a radar set in the 1940s. Raytheon patented his idea in 1947. A few cumbersome models were made, but it was not until 1967 that the first domestic microwave was marketed. Microwave ovens use microwave radiation to heat water and other polarized molecules in food. They cook quickly, efficiently, and safely. Since the late 1960s, the ovens have become smaller, more powerful, and easier to use. More than 90 percent of U.S. households now have a microwave oven.
National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
By National Geographic PDF
National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
By National Geographic EPub
National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
By National Geographic Doc
National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
By National Geographic iBooks
National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
By National Geographic rtf
National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
By National Geographic Mobipocket
National Geographic Concise History of Science and Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
By National Geographic Kindle